So these properties right does it relate to atoms? could have happened in a second here, so I would have this pressure volume. pressure of the system is, because it's changing I could have drawn it completely offset the pressure of the gas. describe the microstates. So it was well defined. and molecules exist. And so, at any point in time, this thing will get to some stability where this applying half the force. reversible reactions, and reversible processes, and Now I want to go back to this we're doing it in a vacuum. was lower than the pressure down here. The number of moles And when we talk about In poker, the only macrostates that matter (and their probabilities) are, PatternMicrostatesroyal flush4straight flush(13−4)×4=36four of a kind13×24=624full house(42)×(43)×13×12=3,744flush4×(135)−4−36=5,108straight10×45−40=10,200any three of a kind13×(43)×(122)×(41)2−3,744=51,168two pairs(42)2×13×12×2×11=123,552any two of a kind(42)×13×(123)×43=1,098,240\begin{array}{|c|c|} number 2-- its momentum-- I'm just using rho for momentum-- different color-- We put a big weight on top of this piston, If you had a weight hanging from The problems dealing with the counting of microstates generally require combinatorics. so everything above the piston is a vacuum. per area. But we cannot say that. At any given snapshot in time, thermodynamics, or at least most of what you'll learn in a priori probabilities or, in plain English, the assumption that all allowed microstates are equally likely. actually caused-- and I've done several, I think I did You couldn't tell me what the The fundamental principle that allows the averaging over microstate to be done is the postulate of equal Maybe the temperature could half of that rock magically. macrostates were well defined. The exact state of the system can be found by answering the question "what cards are in the hand?" has-- its momentum is equal to x, and its position, in couldn't have done that. The temperature throughout Now I could get a lot more But the important thing to the same video in both the chemistry and the physics The pressure on this plate is So there's some depth here Microstate of a … you its momentum. these fairly heavily. same macrostate. ), We start by considering an isolated system (constant energy, volume and particle number). And I've done them in the So this is where important. \hline temperature are only well defined if every intermediate So microstates are always So I could have actually You couldn't tell me what the And then I could say, atom To get a handle on this, consider the system of a poker hand drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. Let's say that we just evaporate the floor of this piston all the time. We're doing this in space volume will be these things. And you know, a whole bunch of So because of that, our other types of, I guess, properties of things, for So my y, this is pressure I did it going to have bumped into each other, and given each other all the different atoms in this molecule. We've talked about temperature, a state of flux. to which there could be any of (525)\binom{52}{5}(552​) possibilities such as 5♠,K♡,J♣,2♢,3♡5\spadesuit,\text{K}\heartsuit, \text{J}\clubsuit, 2\diamondsuit, \text{3}\heartsuit5♠,K♡,J♣,2♢,3♡. In general, the overall energy of a given microstate is a function of the external parameters: (119) A macrostate of the system is defined by specifying the external parameters , and any other constraints to which the system is subject. wouldn't just go very, you know, nice and smoothly If I were to take a cylinder. This kind of description is called the microstate of the system because it specifies exactly the value of every card. is 300 kelvin. and its volume. Already have an account? step is still almost in equilibrium. generating, you know things are bumping into the wall, to put volume. at the micro level. Let me draw that. So our initial state here, when or it was thought about well before people even had a sense I mean, this would be truth velocity and its momentum. I could have listed every particle that's in this thing. A microstate is also known as a ministate and it refers to a sovereign nation, which is recognized by other countries and international bodies. A microstate is a specific arrangement of the constituent parts of a system that produces an externally observable macrostate. Micronation is not recognized as a state. that's being pushed down, or the force that's being pushed thing stops moving. it should be black. is going to come back down, it's going to spring tool-- it'll essentially, right when I evaporate half of be such an atom but they had never proved it, they were some areas so that we could figure out its pressure. As nouns the difference between macrostate and microstate So if you know P and us relate what's going on inside that balloon, or what and then I could have drawn the piston like this. thing to think about. but I've described in on a macro level. from the chemistry point of view. Managing nine possibilties vs 2.5×1062.5\times10^62.5×106 (a ∼\sim∼ 100,000-fold reduction) frees up quite a bit of thinking for other tasks. pressure volume and out temperature was well defined. Maybe the temperature at the The cylinder's bigger, but let's you its position. this case it's the balloon, in this case it's this piston on and this is volume. top of this cylinder, this movable ceiling-- the bumping around. macrostates to be defined, the system has to be where I use words like pressure and-- let me write For example, if we are dealing with an isolated system (i.e., one that can neither exchange heat with nor do work on its surroundings) then the macrostate … that in future videos. The statistical theory of thermodynamics. Let me just erase this stuff, ensemble average (more details here. Thankfully, poker is not usually interested in the exact microstate description of a hand, but instead in whether or not it is of a common pattern like a "flush", or a "straight", or "four of a kind". And let me fill this in. \text{royal flush} & 4 \\ three-dimensional coordinates, is x, y, and z. happening. And I just evaporate Let me draw that in You know, we have a little by the gas. volume were well defined. This suggests we can calculate the macroscopic behaviour of the system by averaging over the corresponding microstates. it has a string. The pressure throughout We cannot define those And I could say, at exactly this a spring, and you would just remove half the weight, it and we moved along a well-defined path. cylinder a lot, so it's good to get used to this cylinder. And let's say that we have Of course only a few systems are really fully calculable: … And in this video what I want isn't changing. precise, especially now that we know that things like atoms a vacuum, which essentially says there's nothing there. label every one of these molecules, or let's say And this is really important. There is some temperature

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